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The rings of Saturn are the most extensive ring system of any planet in the Solar System. They consist of countless small particles, bogen dating in size from micrometers to meters[1] that orbit around Saturn.
The ring particles are made almost entirely of water ice, with a trace component of rocky material. There is still no consensus as to their mechanism of formation. Although theoretical models indicated that the rings were likely to have formed early in the Solar System's history, [2] new bogen dating from Cassini suggest they formed relatively late.
Although reflection from the rings increases Saturn's brightnessthey are not visible from Earth with unaided vision. Inthe year after Galileo Galilei bogen dating a telescope to the sky, he became the first person to observe Saturn's rings, though he could not see them well enough to discern their true nature. Bogen datingChristiaan Huygens was the first person to describe them as a disk surrounding Saturn.
The rings have numerous gaps where particle density drops sharply: two opened by known moons embedded within them, and many others at locations of known destabilizing orbital resonances with the moons of Saturn. Other gaps remain unexplained.
Stabilizing resonances, on the other hand, are responsible for the longevity of several rings, bogen dating, such as bogen dating Titan Ringlet and the G Ring. Well beyond the main rings is the Phoebe ringbogen dating, which is presumed to originate from Phoebe bogen dating thus to share its retrograde orbital motion.
It is aligned with the plane of Saturn's orbit. Saturn has an axial tilt of 27 degrees, so this ring is tilted at an angle of 27 degrees to the more visible rings orbiting above Saturn's equator. Galileo Galilei was the first to observe the rings of Saturn in using his telescope, bogen dating, but was unable to identify them as such.
He wrote to the Duke of Tuscany that "The planet Saturn bogen dating not alone, but is composed of three, which almost touch one another and never move nor change with respect to one another. They are arranged in a line parallel to the zodiacand the middle one Saturn itself is about three times the size of the lateral ones.
In the Earth passed through the plane of the rings and they became invisible. Mystified, Galileo remarked "I do not know what to say in a case so surprising, so unlooked for and so novel. Early astronomers used anagrams as a form of commitment scheme to lay claim to new discoveries before their results were ready for publication. Galileo used smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras for Altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi "I have observed the most distant planet to bogen dating a triple form" for discovering the rings of Saturn.
In Christopher Wren became Professor of Astronomy at Gresham College, London. He had been making observations of the planet Saturn from around with the aim of explaining its appearance. His hypothesis was written up in De bogen dating saturni, in which he came close to suggesting the planet had a ring. However, Wren was unsure whether the ring was independent of the planet, bogen dating, or physically attached to it.
Before Wren's theory was published Christiaan Huygens presented his theory of the rings of Saturn. Immediately Wren recognised this as a better hypothesis than his own and De corpore saturni was never published, bogen dating. Robert Hooke was another early observer of the rings of Saturn, and noted the casting of shadows on the rings, bogen dating. Huygens began grinding lenses with his brother Constantijn in and was able to observe Saturn with greater detail using a 43× power refracting telescope that he designed himself.
He was the first to suggest that Saturn was surrounded by a ring detached from the planet, and famously published the anagram: "aaaaaaacccccdeeeeeghiiiiiiillllmmnnnnnnnnnooooppqrrstttttuuuuu". Three years later, he revealed it to mean Annuto cingitur, bogen dating, tenui, plano, nusquam coherente, ad eclipticam inclinato "[Saturn] is surrounded by a thin, flat, ring, nowhere touching, inclined to the ecliptic".
InGiovanni Domenico Cassini determined that Saturn's ring was composed of multiple smaller rings with gaps between them; the largest of these gaps was later named the Cassini Division. This division is a 4,km-wide region between the A ring and B Ring.
InPierre-Simon Laplace proved that a uniform solid ring would be unstable and suggested that the rings were composed bogen dating a large number of solid ringlets, bogen dating. InJames Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that a nonuniform bogen dating ring, solid ringlets or a continuous fluid ring would also not be stable, bogen dating, indicating that the ring must be composed of numerous small particles, bogen dating, all independently orbiting Saturn.
Four robotic spacecraft have observed Saturn's rings from the vicinity of the planet. Pioneer 11 ' s closest approach to Saturn occurred in September at a distance of 20, bogen dating, km.
The rings are named alphabetically in the order they were discovered [20] A and B in by Giovanni Domenico CassiniC in by William Cranch Bond and his son George Phillips BondD in by Nikolai P. Barabachov and B. SemejkinE in by Walter A. FeibelmanF in by Pioneer 11and G in by Voyager 1.
The main rings are, working outward from the planet, bogen dating, C, B and A, with the Cassini Division, the largest gap, separating Rings B and A.
Several fainter rings were discovered more recently. The D Ring is exceedingly faint and closest to the planet. The narrow F Ring is just outside the A Ring.
Beyond that are two far fainter rings named G and E. The rings show a tremendous amount of structure on all scales, bogen dating, some related to perturbations by Saturn's moons, but much unexplained.
Saturn's axial tilt is The most recent ring plane crossings were on 22 May10 August11 February and 4 September bogen dating upcoming events will occur on 23 March15 Octoberbogen dating, 1 April and bogen dating July Favorable ring plane crossing viewing opportunities with Saturn not close to the Sun only come during triple crossings. Saturn's equinoxesbogen dating, when the Sun passes through the ring plane, are not evenly spaced; on each orbit the Sun is south of the ring plane for The dense main bogen dating extend from 7, km 4, mi to 80, km 50, mi away from Bogen dating equator, bogen dating radius is 60, km 37, bogen dating, mi see Major subdivisions.
With an estimated local thickness of as little as 10 m [28] bogen dating as much as 1 km, bogen dating, [29] they bogen dating composed of Cassini directly measured the mass bogen dating the ring system via their gravitational effect during its final set of orbits that passed between the rings and the cloud tops, yielding a value of 1.
Earlier Voyager observations of density waves in the A and B rings and an optical depth profile had yielded a mass of about 0. Although the largest gaps in the rings, such as the Cassini Division and Encke Gapcan be seen from Earth, the Voyager spacecraft discovered that the rings have an intricate structure of thousands of thin gaps and ringlets, bogen dating.
This structure is thought to arise, in several different ways, from the gravitational pull of Saturn's many moons. Some gaps are cleared out by the passage of tiny moonlets such as Pan[35] many more of which may yet be discovered, bogen dating, and some ringlets seem to be maintained by the gravitational effects of small shepherd satellites similar to Prometheus and Pandora 's maintenance of the F ring.
Other gaps arise from resonances between the orbital period of particles in the gap and that of a more massive moon further out; Mimas bogen dating the Cassini Division in this manner. The atmosphere is composed of bogen dating oxygen gas O 2 produced when ultraviolet light from the Sun interacts with water ice in the rings.
Chemical reactions between water molecule fragments and further ultraviolet stimulation create and eject, among other things, O 2. Bogen dating to models of this atmosphere, H 2 is also present. The O 2 and H 2 atmospheres are so sparse that if the entire atmosphere were somehow condensed onto the rings, bogen dating, it would be about one atom thick, bogen dating. Like the O 2this atmosphere is produced by the disintegration of water molecules, though in this case the disintegration is done by energetic ions that bombard water molecules ejected by Saturn's moon Enceladus.
This atmosphere, bogen dating, despite being extremely sparse, was detected from Earth by the Hubble Space Telescope. However, superimposed on this is variability due to the eccentricity of the planet's orbit that causes the planet to display brighter oppositions in the northern hemisphere than it does in the southern. InVoyager 1 made a fly-by of Saturn that showed the F ring to be composed of three narrow rings that appeared to be braided in a complex structure; it is now known that bogen dating outer two rings consist of knobs, kinks and lumps that give the illusion of braiding, with the less bright third ring lying inside them.
New images of the rings taken around the 11 August equinox of Saturn by NASA's Cassini spacecraft have shown that the rings extend significantly out of the nominal ring plane in a few places, bogen dating. This displacement reaches as much as 4 km 2. Estimates of the age of Saturn's rings vary widely, depending on the approach used. They have been considered to possibly be very old, dating to the formation of Saturn itself.
However, bogen dating, data from Cassini suggest they are much younger, bogen dating, having most likely formed within the last million bogen dating, and may thus be between 10 million and million years old. There are two main theories regarding the origin of Saturn's inner rings. One theory, originally proposed by Édouard Roche in the 19th century, is that the rings were once a moon of Bogen dating named Veritas, after a Roman goddess who hid in a well whose orbit decayed until it came close enough to be ripped apart by tidal forces see Roche limit.
A more traditional version of the disrupted-moon theory is that the rings are composed of debris from a moon to km in diameter, slightly bogen dating than Mimas.
The last time there were collisions bogen dating enough to be likely to disrupt a moon that large was during the Late Heavy Bombardment some four billion years ago. A more recent variant of this type of theory by R, bogen dating. Canup is that bogen dating rings could represent part of the remains of the icy mantle of a much larger, Titan-sized, differentiated moon that was stripped of its outer layer as it spiraled into the planet during the formative period when Saturn was still surrounded by a gaseous nebula.
The idea of massive early rings was subsequently extended to explain the formation of Saturn's moons out to Rhea. Within the Roche limitbogen dating, bodies of rocky material are dense enough to accrete additional material, whereas less-dense bodies of ice are not.
Once outside the rings, the newly formed moons could have continued to evolve through random mergers. This process may explain the variation in silicate content of Saturn's moons out to Rhea, as bogen dating as the trend towards less silicate content closer to Saturn. Rhea would then be the oldest of the moons formed from the primordial rings, with moons closer to Saturn being progressively younger.
The brightness and purity bogen dating the water ice in Saturn's rings have also been cited as evidence that the rings are much younger than Saturn, [44] as the infall of meteoric dust would have led to a darkening of the rings. However, new research indicates that the B Ring may be massive enough to have diluted infalling material and thus avoided substantial darkening over the age of the Solar System. Ring material may be recycled as clumps form within the rings and are then disrupted by impacts.
This would explain the apparent youth of some of the material within the rings. If much of this material was contributed by a recently disrupted centaur or moon, the age of this ring could be on the order of million years or less. On the other hand, if the material came primarily from micrometeoroid influx, the age would be closer to a billion years. The Cassini UVIS team, bogen dating, led by Larry Espositoused stellar occultation to discover 13 objects, bogen dating, ranging from 27 m to 10 km across, within the F ring.
They are translucent, suggesting they are temporary aggregates of ice boulders a few meters across. Esposito believes this to be the basic structure of the Saturnian rings, particles clumping together, then being blasted apart. Research based on rates of infall into Saturn favors a younger ring system age of hundreds of millions of years, bogen dating.
Ring material is continually spiraling down into Saturn; the bogen dating this infall, the shorter the lifetime of the ring system. One mechanism involves gravity pulling electrically charged water ice grains down from the rings along planetary magnetic field lines, a process termed 'ring rain'.
The densest parts of the Saturnian ring system are the A and B Rings, which are separated by the Cassini Division discovered in by Giovanni Domenico Cassini, bogen dating. Along with the C Ring, bogen dating, which was discovered in and is similar in character to the Cassini Division, these regions constitute the main rings.
The main rings are denser and contain larger particles than the tenuous dusty rings. The latter include the D Ring, extending inward to Saturn's cloud tops, the G and E Rings and others beyond the main ring system, bogen dating.
"First Dates": Deggendorferin war dabei - und würde es wieder tun - Deggendorf
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